Percutaneous Treatment of Venolymphatic Malformations, Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformations, and Tumors of the Head and Neck Using Particles, Alcohol, and Other Sclerosants

Historically, craniofacial lesions have been treated surgically. The advent of image-guided endovascular techniques, however, enabled their application to the treatment of vascular malformations and tumors. Optimal treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach. This will be center specific and determined by available expertise and skills. Goals of treatment, nature of the lesion, and its associated angioarchitecture influence decisions regarding treatment planning. Venolymphatic malformations are typically treated by percutaneous sclerotherapy, with or without surgical adjunct. Different sclerosants are described in the literature, with bleomycin increasingly chosen because of its efficacy and favorable side effect.