Time–energy budgets outperform dynamic body acceleration in predicting daily energy expenditure in kittiwakes, and estimate a very low cost of gliding flight relative to flapping flight

Energy is a common currency for any living organism, yet estimating energy expenditure in wild animals is challenging. Accelerometers are commonly used to estimate energy expenditure, via a dynamic body acceleration (DBA) or time-energy budget approach. The DBA approach estimates energy expenditure directly from acceleration but may lead to erroneous estimates during inactivity when acceleration is zero but energy expenditure is not. The …