Thermo-Mechanical Exergy of a Substance in Cold Applications Approaching Absolute Zero

In this work, we consider the thermo-mechanical exergy of a substance for cold applications, even as it approaches absolute zero. This is relevant for cold-service applications such as refrigeration, liquefied natural gas, air separation, and liquid hydrogen. We demonstrate how the optimization formulation for the determination of exergy is the most suitable way for process systems engineers to think about exergy. We provide an illustrative …