The knowledge-informed development of inhaled aerosol vaccine strategies

Respiratory infectious diseases including tuberculosis (TB), influenza, and COVID-19 account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, like most of the other human vaccines, the current-generation vaccines against these respiratory infections are administered parenterally via injection into the skin or muscle. As such, most of these human vaccines remain suboptimal in protection (Lavelle et al, 2022). This calls for developing next-generation vaccine strategies which are expected to perform above and beyond the current-generation vaccines.