Pediatric Reference Value Profiling of Essential Trace and Toxic Elements in Healthy Children and Adolescents Using High-Resolution and Triple Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Assessment of trace and toxic element status is important for the diagnosis and monitoring of several pediatric conditions. Elemental deficiency and toxicity have serious implications, particularly in pediatrics wherein risk is higher. Pediatric reference intervals (RIs) for trace elements and normal exposure limits for toxic elements are lacking on modern analytical systems. Herein, reference values were established for 13 plasma …