Docked ions: vertical-aligned tubular arrays for highly efficient capacitive deionization

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an effective method for desalination of brackish water to alleviate the global freshwater crisis. Obtaining high desalination capacity is the primary focus of this field. Based on electrical double layer (EDL) theory, current research is mainly devoted to increasing the specific surface area of electrode materials, however, the NaCl adsorption capacity is typically limited to the range of 10 - 20 mg g⁻¹. In this …