Embracing the Laws of Physics: Three Reversible Models of Computation

Our main models of computation (the Turing Machine and the RAM) make fundamental assumptions about which primitive operations are realizable. The consensus is that these include logical operations like conjunction, disjunction and negation, as well as reading and writing to memory locations. This perspective conforms to a macro-level view of physics and indeed these operations are realizable using macro-level devices involving thousands of electrons. This point of view is however incompatible with quantum mechanics, or even elementary thermodynamics, as both imply that information is a conserved quantity of physical processes, and hence of primitive computational operations. Our aim is to re-develop foundational computational models that embraces the principle of conservation of information. We first define what conservation of information means in a computational setting. We emphasize that computations must be reversible transformations on data. One can think of data as modeled using topological spaces and programs as modeled by reversible deformations. We illustrate this idea using three notions of data. The first assumes unstructured finite data, i.e., discrete topological spaces. The corresponding notion of reversible computation is that of permutations. We then consider a structured notion of data based on the Curry-Howard correspondence; here reversible deformations, as a programming language for witnessing type isomorphisms, comes from proof terms for commutative semirings. We then "move up a level" to treat programs as data. The corresponding notion of reversible programs equivalences comes from the "higher dimensional" analog to commutative semirings: symmetric rig groupoids. The coherence laws for these are exactly the program equivalences we seek. We conclude with some generalizations inspired by homotopy type theory and survey directions for further research.