“Super-efficient gradient estimation technique,” Recent advances in efficient adjoint sensitivity analysis and its application in metamaterial design

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools in electromagnetics allow accurate modeling of the preferred responses. We can adjust a desired response by conducting an optimization algorithm. This requisite the gradient estimation of structures with respect to potentially N number of optimizable parameters. In conventional gradient estimation methods, the number of required simulations scales linearly with N. Adjoint variable method (AVM) is an extremely …