Battery Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicles

With an increasing demand for higher fuel economy in vehicles and environment-friendly solutions, the last decade has seen a growing emphasis on electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). A hybrid vehicle is deŸned as a vehicle that uses two or more on-board energy to power it. žese sources of power could be an internal combustion engine (ICE), fuel cells, ultracapacitors, battery, …