Effect of air-entrainment and phase transition on chloride diffusion in partially frozen concrete

In some regions concrete is partially frozen for several months each year, yet there is paucity of information about the effect of air entrainment on chloride diffusivity and binding in partially frozen concrete. To address this issue, concrete without and with entrained air were subjected to chloride diffusion under constant exposure temperatures of +5, 0, −5, and −15 °C and their total and free chloride concentrations were determined. The …