Judicious selection, validation, and use of reference electrodes for in situ and operando electrocatalysis studies

The development and implementation of in situ and operando characterization techniques to understand electrocatalytic processes, establish structure-property-performance relationships, and elucidate properties of electrified interfaces aid in accelerating the discovery and design of new materials for sustainable energy technologies. The validity of operando characterization techniques is predicated on the ability to accurately and reliably …