Investigation of hydraulic heave in excavations using the material point method

Owing to the total head difference between the inside and outside of an excavation, seepage occurs into the excavation. In cases where the head difference is large, the seepage velocities and resulting seepage forces can cause the catastrophic phenomenon of hydraulic heave inside the excavation, as well as overall basal instability. To investigate this phenomenon, the Material Point Method (MPM) has been employed in this study. MPM is a …