In-situ monitoring and detection of spatter agglomeration and delamination during laser-based powder bed fusion of Invar 36

Invar 36 (FeNi36) is a weldable nickel alloy, known for its low thermal expansion properties, that contains 36% of nickel and 64% iron. The laser-based powder bed fusion process is often associated with defects and flaws that should be controlled for production quality. Spatter formation and delamination are two phenomena that could be observed in thermal images taken during the laser melting process. This paper presents an in-situ monitoring …