Single variable-based multi-material structural optimization considering interface behavior

Recently, there is an increasing demand for bonding systems applied to multi-material structures. Among them, adhesives have been widely used to reduce cost and weight instead of traditional mechanical fasteners and welding. However, because the adhesive part can be easily separated under tensile stress, it is necessary to set the proper position of the adhesive in the early design process so that tensile stress does not occur in the adhesive …