Modeling transient groundwater flow and piping under dikes and DAMS

Dikes and dams are water mitigating structures that protect the land from floods and high tides. In the Netherlands these structures are often constructed of impervious clays and are built on a sandy aquifer as subsoil. Foundations of such geotechnical structures are vulnerable to an erosion effect called piping that refers to the development of small flow channels that begin at the downstream side of the structure where the seepage pressure is …