A Systematic Exploration of Uncertainty and Convergence of Inverse Transient Calibration for WDSs

Despite over ten years of research into ITC techniques for water distribution systems, many problems remain. One reason for these difficulties is that real water distribution systems invariably have many other uncertainties in addition to the leakage rates and friction factors that are conventionally considered as unknowns. For example, properties such as pipe diameter, wave speed, the possible presence of air, the value of the water demand at …