Psychometric perspectives on shyness across the lifespan: Measurement invariance and mean-level differences in ages 4–86

This study examined mean-levels of shyness from childhood to senescence. To improve validity in our shyness measure across age, we used two different but comparable shyness scales in adult and child/adolescent datasets that were created separately within a repeated cross-sectional design. In the adult analysis (N = 1,294, ages = 17–86), measurement invariance (through multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and the alignment method) was …