Single- and multiple-pulse femtosecond laser irradiation of iron, copper, and aluminum

Femtosecond lasers have proven to be very useful tools for the microstructuring of solid targets [1, 2, 3]. The ablation of metals using conventional lasers is accompanied by formation of substantial heat-affected zones. Extremely fast energy deposition and rapid ablation with small heat-affected zones make it possible to achieve controllable ablation and production of high-quality structures in metallic materials. A significant improvement in …