Computational thermo-hydro-mechanics for multiphase freezing and thawing porous media in the finite deformation range

A stabilized thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) finite element model is introduced to investigate the freeze–thaw action of frozen porous media in the finite deformation range. By applying the mixture theory, frozen soil is idealized as a composite consisting of three phases, i.e., solid grain, unfrozen water and ice crystal. A generalized hardening rule at finite strain is adopted to replicate how the elasto-plastic responses and critical state …