Spatial Learning in a T-Maze by the Crayfish Orconectes rusticus

The T-maze has commonly been used to investigate the mechanisms underlying spatial learning in vertebrates and has yielded much information about how animals use response and place cues to orient toward a goal. We designed a T-maze to study the spatial learning abilities of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), using tactile stimuli as a place cue and escape from warm water for reinforcement. An initial experiment found that most animals did not …