Reduced-Order Electrochemical Model Parameters Identification and State of Charge Estimation for Healthy and Aged Li-Ion Batteries—Part II: Aged Battery Model and State of Charge Estimation

Recently, extensive research has been conducted in the field of battery management systems due to increased interest in vehicles electrification. Parameters, such as battery state of charge (SOC) and state of health, are of critical importance to ensure safety, reliability, and prolong battery life. This paper includes the following contributions: 1) tracking reduced-order electrochemical battery model parameters variations as battery ages, using noninvasive genetic algorithm optimization technique; 2) the development of a battery aging model capable of capturing battery degradation by varying the effective electrode volume; and 3) estimation of the battery critical SOC using a new estimation strategy known as the smooth variable structure filter based on reduced-order electrochemical model. The proposed filter is used for SOC estimation and demonstrates strong robustness to modeling uncertainties, which is relatively high in case of reduced-order electrochemical models. Batteries used in this research are lithium-iron phosphate cells widely used in automotive applications. Extensive testing using real-world driving cycles is used for estimation strategy application and for conducting the aging test. Limitations of the proposed strategy are also highlighted.