Recent and historic red spruce mortality: Evidence of climatic influencee

A period of declining growth and extensive mortality of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) has been in progress for the past two decades in the montane forests of New York, Vermont and New Hampshire. Those areas are subject to particularly high levels of pollutant input and there is concern that airborne chemicals have destabilized the forest ecosystems. Field reports indicate that major episodes of mortality also occurred prior to the era of …