Effects of physical disturbances on media and performance of household-scale slow sand (BioSand) filters

Point-of-use (POU) water treatment provides households in rural and remote communities with a means of obtaining greater control over their water quality and its effects on human health. One of the most prevalent POU interventions, the BioSand filter (BSF), is a household-scale, intermittently operated slow sand filter used by over 300,000 households. The sand and gravel media within BSFs can be housed in concrete (cBSF) or Hydraid plastic …