Degradation Phenomena in Small-Molecule Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Studies of electroluminescence degradation mechanisms in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are reviewed. Luminescence degradation due to the growth of visible nonemissive defects, widely referred to as “dark spots”, as well as device catastrophic failure phenomena are addressed briefly. A special emphasis is given to intrinsic degradation phenomena that cause the decrease in the electroluminescence efficiency of the …