The effect of intracellular pH on long-chain fatty acid uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: evidence that uptake involves the passive diffusion of protonated long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane

To understand the mechanism of long-chain fatty acid permeation of the plasma membrane in mammalian cells, the effects of changes in the cytoplasmic pH on the internalization of physiologically relevant, submicromolar concentrations of uncomplexed long-chain fatty acids were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The acidification of the cytoplasm upon NH4Cl prepulsing of intact cells was accompanied by a rapid reduction of cellular long-chain fatty acid uptake (measured as the total accumulation of [9,10-3H]oleate). This was followed by a slow recovery to normal levels of uptake as the cytoplasmic pH recovered. Conventional filtration assays do not distinguish between fatty acid movement across the plasma membrane and intracellular steps, such as binding to cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins or metabolism. While the in vitro binding of a photoreactive fatty acid, 11-m-diazirinophenoxy[11-3H]undecanoate, to a cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein was insensitive to changes in pH from pH 7.5 to 5.5, the in vitro conversion of oleate into oleoyl-CoA by cellular acyl-CoA synthetase decreased dramatically. Therefore, the labelling of the 15 kDa cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein in intact cells by the photoreactive fatty acid was used as a more direct measure of the permeation of the probe across the plasma membrane. Acidification of the cytoplasm resulted in an immediate reduction in the labelling of this protein in intact adipocytes. Its photolabelling recovered, however, upon the recovery of the cytoplasmic pH to normal levels. This was due to effects of the cytoplasmic pH on the permeation of the photoreactive fatty acid across the plasma membrane rather than its binding to the 15 kDa protein or metabolism in vivo. This is the first demonstration that the movement of physiologically relevant, submicromolar concentrations of uncomplexed long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane of intact cells is coupled to the cytoplasmic pH and suggests that it occurs by the diffusion of the protonated long-chain fatty acid through the lipid bilayer.