abstract
- In patients with swollen optic nerve head and normal visual function, optic disc drusen (ODD) is the most common diagnosis. The best tests for detecting ODD are funds autofluorescence and enhanced-depth imaging ocular coherence tomography (EDIOCT). After ODD has been ruled out, asymmetric papilledema should be assumed to be the cause and MRI of the brain and orbits with contrast and venography should be performed in all patients. It allows one to look for indirect signs of increased inctracranial pressure (ICP), optic perineuritis, and other inflammatory or compressive processes affecting optic nerve or its sheath such as optic nerve sheath meningioma. If imaging signs of raised ICP are present, lumbar puncture should be performed with measurement of opening pressure and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents in all patients with fever, meningismus or neurologic deficits as well as patients who are not in the typical demographic group for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Optic nerve sheath enhancement on MRI should prompt work-up for causes of optic perineuritis. When the appropriate neuroimaging is normal, the differential diagnosis is limited and ophthalmological consultation is necessary to determine whether other subtle ocular abnormalities are present on biomicroscopic and dilated fundus examination.