The role of sex and gender in acute kidney injury—consensus statements from the 33rd Acute Disease Quality Initiative

Sex differences exist in acute kidney injury (AKI), and the role that sex and gender play along the AKI care continuum remains unclear. The 33rd Acute Disease Quality Initiative meeting evaluated available data on the role of sex and gender in AKI and identified knowledge gaps. Data from experimental models, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical care, gender, social determinants of health, education, and advocacy were reviewed. Recommendations include incorporating sex and gender into research along the bench-to-bedside spectrum; analyzing sex-stratified results; evaluating the effects of sex chromosomes, hormones, and gender on outcomes; considering fluctuations of hormone levels; studying the impact gender may have on access to care; and developing educational tools to inform patients, providers, and stakeholders. This meeting report summarizes what is known about sex and gender along the AKI care continuum and proposes an agenda for translational discovery to elucidate the role of sex and gender in AKI across the lifespan.