Screening and risk assessment for sleep-related breathing disorders in individuals living with spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVES: This research work was performed: (1) To assess the accessibility of in-laboratory polysomnography for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI); (2) to evaluate the validity of four screening questionnaires for sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs); and (3) to assess the association between anthropometric features and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). METHODS: An Environmental scan (E-scan) was performed in the province of Ontario, where all sleep clinics were invited to complete the E-scan survey. Furthermore, a cross-sectional study was performed at a rehabilitation hospital (Canada), where consecutive adults with subacute/chronic (>1 month) SCI were recruited. Using a home-based screening sleep test (HBSST), the validity of the Berlin, STOP, Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale [MOS-SS], and STOP-Bang screening questionnaires was assessed. The association between AHI and three features (i.e., neck circumference, body mass index [BMI] and oropharynx opening as assessed using the Modified Mallampati classification [MMC]) was evaluated. RESULTS: According to the E-scan, access to polysomnography is limited for the SCI population in Ontario. Of the 28 participants with SCI (11 females, 17 males; mean age: 54.9 years) included in the cross-sectional study, 32.1 % were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe SRBD. The performance of the questionnaires was considered insufficient for screening of individuals living with SCI. AHI was not associated with neck circumference, BMI, or MMC. CONCLUSIONS: Those results suggest that the use of a HBSST could overcome the barriers for individuals with SCI to access diagnostic testing of SRBDs. The use of screening questionnaires and risk assessment for SRBDs in the SCI population is unreliable.