Investigation of the role of charge injection and Coulomb force during the melting of phase-change materials under constant temperature boundary conditions

This paper presents an investigation of the melting of dielectric material in a rectangular cavity under the effect of electrohydrodynamics (EHD). First, phase-change modeling is implemented to simulate the melting performance of paraffin wax without EHD under constant temperature boundary conditions until a steady-state condition is achieved. Next, the whole set of coupled EHD equations is introduced to the model, with the Coulomb force using a Heaviside function for charge injection being the only electrical body force considered. Finally, the numerical model is implemented using the finite element method to solve for the electric field, flow field, temperature field, and charge transport. The numerical results show that, under the effect of EHD, melting continues due to the generation of electroconvection cells in the liquid phase-change material and the flow field manifests as two symmetric rotational cells generated between every two successive electrodes. The flow field causes the redistribution of the temperature field in the liquid bulk, which enhances the heat transfer. Melting continues until a steady-state condition is almost reestablished after about one hour. The enhancement factor, defined as the ratio of the EHD melt thickness to the steady-state melt thickness without EHD, is 2.33 at 6 kV applied voltage.