Biomimetic fractal topography enhances podocyte maturation in vitro

Abstract Cells and tissues in their native environment are organized into intricate fractal structures, which are rarely recapitulated in their culture in vitro . The extent to which fractal patterns that resemble complex topography in vivo influence cell maturation, and the cellular responses to such shape stimulation remain inadequately elucidated. Yet, the application of fractal cues (topographical stimulation via self-similar patterns) as …