Electric Bus State-Of-Health Aware Cost Analysis Given Energy Consumption and Initial Battery Purchase Price

This paper presents an analysis of the cost implications of varying the battery pack size in electric buses designed for public transportation, with a focus on buses. The study compares buses equipped with three distinct battery packs, each differing in capacity and weight while sharing the same cell parameters. The state-of-health (SOH) of the battery is determined by assessing the number of cycles it can complete before its capacity declines to 80% of that of a new battery. Once the battery reaches this threshold, it is assumed to require replacement. To achieve this, the state-of-health of each battery is estimated using the Arrhenius equation. In the analysis, each scenario underwent simulation across three prominent bus drive cycles: the Manhattan bus cycle, the New York bus cycle, and the California bus cycle. These simulations were conducted using Simulink models, which were designed to update the battery’s maximum capacity after each cycle run based on the Ampere-hour throughput. Ultimately, the cost-effectiveness was evaluated and compared in dollars per kilometer. The results indicate that distinct battery options emerge as the optimal choices for each of the considered drive cycles.