Scaling at the out-of-time-ordered correlator wavefront: Free versus chaotic models

Out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) are useful tools for investigating foundational questions such as thermalization in closed quantum systems because they can potentially distinguish between integrable and nonintegrable dynamics. Here, we discuss the properties of wavefronts of OTOCs by focusing on the region around the main wavefront at x=vBt, where vB is the butterfly velocity. Using a Heisenberg spin model as an example, we find that the leading edge of a propagating Gaussian with the argument −m(x)(x−vBt)2+b(x)t gives an excellent fit to the region around x=vBt for both the free and chaotic cases. However, the scaling in these two regimes is very different: in the free case the coefficients m(x) and b(x) have an inverse power law dependence on x, whereas in the chaotic case they decay exponentially. We conjecture that this result is universal by using catastrophe theory to show that, on the one hand, the wavefront in the free case has to take the form of an Airy function and its local expansion shows that the power law scaling seen in the numerics holds rigorously and, on the other hand, an exponential scaling of the OTOC wavefront must be a signature of nonintegrable dynamics. We find that the crossover between the two regimes is smooth and characterized by an S-shaped curve giving the lifting of Airy nodes as a function of a chaos parameter. This shows that the Airy form is qualitatively stable against weak chaos and consistent with the concept of a quantum Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theory.