Acute and Chronic Respiratory Complications of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare disease resulting in bullous necrosis of the epidermis with partial-thickness loss of skin and mucous membranes. Previous reports of TEN have not focused on respiratory complications. During a 6-year period, 12 patients with biopsy-proven TEN were referred to a regional burn unit at the Wellesley Hospital, Toronto. Five patients required mechanical ventilatory support, and nine showed roentgenographic evidence of respiratory complications that had developed. Intensive therapy in a critical care burn unit resulted in a 75% survival rate. The four nonsurvivors had severe preexisting multisystem disease. Four survivors were observed prospectively, with 3 monthly pulmonary function testings performed. The four survivors tested, even if they did not require mechanical ventilatory support, showed evidence of respiratory involvement. Three patients demonstrated a persistent reduction in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of up to 35% to 40% below normal. From our case series we suggest that TEN, although primarily a dermatologic condition, may result in life-threatening acute respiratory decompensation requiring ventilatory support and long-term pulmonary function abnormalities. Patients with TEN should be closely monitored for pulmonary complications.