The construction of rational iterating functions Journal Articles uri icon

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abstract

  • Suppose integers n 1 n \geqslant 1 and σ 2 \sigma \geqslant 2 are given, together with n distinct points z 2 , , z n {z_2}, \ldots ,{z_n} , in the complex plane. Define Φ M = Φ M ( σ ; z 1 , , z n ) {\Phi _M} = {\Phi _M}(\sigma ;{z_1}, \ldots ,{z_n}) to be the class of rational functions ϕ p , q ( z ) = g p ( z ) / h q ( z ) {\phi _{p,q}}(z) = {g_p}(z)/{h_q}(z) (where g and h are polynomials of degree p 1 p \geqslant 1 and q 1 q \geqslant 1 , respectively) such that ( 1 ) p + q + 1 = M , ( 2 ) ϕ (1)\;p + q + 1 = M,(2)\;\phi when iterated converges with order σ \sigma at each z i , i = 1 , , n {z_i}, i = 1, \ldots ,n . Then if M > σ n , Φ M M > \sigma n,{\Phi _M} is null; if M = σ n M = \sigma n Φ M {\Phi _M} contains exactly σ n \sigma n elements. For every M σ n M \geqslant \sigma n , we show how to construct all the elements of Φ M {\Phi _M} by expressing, for each choice of p and q which satisfies p + q + 1 = M p + q + 1 = M , the coefficients of g p {g_p} and h q {h_q} in terms of M σ n M - \sigma n arbitrarily chosen values. In fact, these coefficients are expressed in terms of generalized Newton sums S n j , k = S n j , k ( z 1 , , z n ) S_n^{j,k} = S_n^{j,k}({z_1}, \ldots ,{z_n}) , 1 j n , k n 1 \leqslant j \leqslant n,k \geqslant n , which we show may be calculated by recursion from the normal Newton sums S n j , n S_n^{j,n} . Hence, given a polynomial f n ( z ) {f_n}(z) with n distinct (unknown) zeros z 1 , , z n {z_1}, \ldots ,{z_n} , we may construct all ϕ p , q ( z ) {\phi _{p,q}}(z) which converge to the z i {z_i} with order σ \sigma in the case σ = 2 \sigma = 2 , the choice p = n p = n , q = n 1 q = n - 1 , yields the Newton-Raphson iteration ϕ n , n 1 Φ 2 n {\phi _{n,n - 1}} \in {\Phi _{2n}} ; the Schröder and König iterations are shown to be elements of Φ 2 ( 2 σ 3 ) ( n 1 ) + 2 {\Phi _{2(2\sigma - 3)(n - 1) + 2}} and Φ 2 ( σ 1 ) ( n 1 ) + 2 {\Phi _{2(\sigma - 1)(n - 1) + 2}} , respectively. We show by example that there exist cases in which ϕ n , n 1 {\phi _{n,n - 1}} has an undesirable property (attractive cycles) not shared by other iterating functions in the same class Φ 2 n {\Phi _{2n}} .

publication date

  • January 1, 1978