Engineering Surface Wettability to Alleviate Membrane Scaling in Photothermal Membrane Distillation

To address the growing demand for fresh water with a smaller carbon footprint, photothermal membrane distillation (PMD) has been proposed by combining membrane distillation with solar irradiation. Due to its low level of energy consumption and portability, PMD is becoming increasingly attractive for water production in off-grid areas. However, it still suffers from several challenges, including membrane scaling. To address this issue, we …