Developments in electric arc furnace steelmaking

There have been tremendous developments in EAF steelmaking that have gone hand-in-hand with this process, capturing more than 40 percent of steelmaking production. As a result, furnaces are very complex, utilizing oxy-fuel burners, lances and carbon injection, along with electrical power from the electrodes. However, we have only limited understanding of the flow of the solids, liquids and gases, and the associated transfers of heat and mass in …