Further Assessments of Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership

B. M. Bass (1985) proposed that the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire consists of 5 factors: 2 facets of transactional leadership (Contingent Reward and Management-by-Exception) and 3 facets of transformational leadership (Charismatic Leadership, Individualized Consideration, and Intellectual Stimulation). A confirmatory factor analysis involving hospital nurses revealed some support for this 5-factor representation, but a 2-factor Active–Passive model was also tenable, because the transformational components and Contingent Reward were all highly correlated. Alternatively, differential relationships to a series of outcomes, including intent to leave and J. P. Meyer and N. J. Allen's (1991) facets of organizational commitment, were observed as a function of the leader behaviors involved.