Parenthood and well‐being: Examining time pressure and religious practices in a Canadian national sample of immigrants and non‐immigrants

Abstract The present study examined correlates of well‐being amongst a cross‐sectional, national sample of Canadians, focusing on respondents’ parenthood and immigration status. Indirect associations via time pressure and religious practices were examined, in addition to the moderating role of religious practices on the relationship between time pressure and well‐being. Participants were from the 2015 Canadian General Social Survey between 25 and 65 years of age ( N = 11,254). A structural regression model revealed that immigrants (vs. non‐immigrants) and parents (vs. non‐parents) had higher levels of time pressure, which strongly and inversely related to well‐being. No interaction between immigrant status and parenthood was observed in the prediction of time pressure. Immigrants had higher levels of religious practices, while parents had lower levels, though a significant interaction suggested that the highest levels of religious practices were for immigrants who were also parents. There was a small but significant positive relationship between religious practices and well‐being. Indirect effects suggested that the association between parenthood/immigrant status and well‐being may partially operate via these parallel pathways (i.e., time pressure and religious practices). There was no evidence that religious practices moderated the relationship between time pressure and well‐being. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.