Effect of sub-zero versus sub-freezing temperature on chloride diffusion and binding in concrete

Effect of temperature on chloride diffusion in concrete has been extensively studied by others and it is found to follow Arrhenius law. However, the lowest exposure temperature studied to date has been −4 °C, but due to supercooling the concrete pore solution is not expected to freeze at −4 °C. It is hypothesized here that below the supercooling temperature, some of the pore water will freeze and pore ice will form, which increases the pores …