Reliability and Validity of Measures of Cardiac Output During Incremental to Maximal Aerobic Exercise

The assessment of cardiac function, particularly cardiac output (Q̇) during heavy exercise is essential for the evaluation of cardiovascular factors that might limit oxygen transport. A series of invasive and noninvasive techniques has been developed for the assessment and monitoring of Q̇ during resting and submaximal exercise conditions. However, very few techniques have been found to give accurate and reliable determinations of Q̇ during …