Thermodynamics of Palladium (Pd) and Tantalum (Ta) Relevant to Secondary Copper Smelting

The slag-to-metal distribution ratios of palladium (Pd), LPds/m$$ L_{\text{Pd}}^{s/m} $$, in the range of oxygen partial pressure (pO2) from 10−10 to 10−7 atm at 1473 K to 1623 K (1200 °C to 1350 °C); distribution ratios of tantalum (Ta), LTas/m$$ L_{\text{Ta}}^{s/m} $$, in the range of pO2 from 10−16 to 10−12 atm at 1673 K and 1873 K (1400 °C and 1600 °C), have been determined in this study. The LPds/m$$ L_{\text{Pd}}^{s/m} $$ in …