Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

abstract

Abstract Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.

authors

Burstein, Roy
Henry, Nathaniel J
Collison, Michael L
Marczak, Laurie B
Sligar, Amber
Watson, Stefanie
Marquez, Neal
Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Mahdieh
Abbasi, Masoumeh
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdoli, Amir
Abdollahi, Mohammad
Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi
Abrigo, Michael RM
Acharya, Dilaram
Adebayo, Oladimeji M
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adham, Davoud
Afshari, Mahdi
Aghaali, Mohammad
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmadi, Mehdi
Ahmadpour, Ehsan
Ahmed, Rushdia
Akal, Chalachew Genet
Akinyemi, Joshua O
Alahdab, Fares
Alam, Noore
Alamene, Genet Melak
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
Alijanzadeh, Mehran
Alinia, Cyrus
Alipour, Vahid
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Almalki, Mohammed J
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M
Altirkawi, Khalid
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Amegah, Adeladza Kofi
Amini, Saeed
Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche
Anbari, Zohreh
Androudi, Sofia
Anjomshoa, Mina
Ansari, Fereshteh
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T
Arabloo, Jalal
Arefi, Zohreh
Aremu, Olatunde
Armoon, Bahram
Arora, Amit
Artaman, Al
Asadi, Anvar
Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran
Ashraf-Ganjouei, Amir
Assadi, Reza
Ataeinia, Bahar
Atre, Sachin R
Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Azari, Samad
Babaee, Ebrahim
Babazadeh, Arefeh
Badawi, Alaa
Bagheri, Soghra
Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba
Baheiraei, Nafiseh
Balouchi, Abbas
Barac, Aleksandra
Bassat, Quique
Baune, Bernhard T
Bayati, Mohsen
Bedi, Neeraj
Beghi, Ettore
Behzadifar, Masoud
Behzadifar, Meysam
Belay, Yared Belete
Bell, Brent
Bell, Michelle L
Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema
Bernstein, Robert S
Bhattacharjee, Natalia V
Bhattarai, Suraj
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A
Bijani, Ali
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Breitborde, Nicholas JK
Britton, Gabrielle
Browne, Annie J
Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina
Busse, Reinhard
Butt, Zahid A
Car, Josip
Cárdenas, Rosario
Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A
Cerin, Ester
Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun
Chatterjee, Pranab
Chu, Dinh-Toi
Cooper, Cyrus
Costa, Vera M
Dalal, Koustuv
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
Daoud, Farah
Daryani, Ahmad
Das Gupta, Rajat
Davis, Ian
Davis Weaver, Nicole
Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil
De Neve, Jan-Walter
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam
Deribe, Kebede
Desai, Rupak
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Desyibelew, Hanna Demelash
Dey, Sagnik
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
Dhimal, Meghnath
Diaz, Daniel
Doshmangir, Leila
Duraes, Andre R
Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura
Earl, Lucas
Ebrahimi, Roya
Ebrahimpour, Soheil
Effiong, Andem
Eftekhari, Aziz
Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham
El Sayed, Iman
El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
El Tantawi, Maha
El-Khatib, Ziad
Emamian, Mohammad Hassan
Enany, Shymaa
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Eyawo, Oghenowede
Ezalarab, Maha
Faramarzi, Mahbobeh
Fareed, Mohammad
Faridnia, Roghiyeh
Faro, Andre
Fazaeli, Ali Akbar
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Fentahun, Netsanet
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Fernandes, João C
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Foigt, Nataliya A
Foroutan, Masoud
Francis, Joel Msafiri
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Fullman, Nancy
Gallus, Silvano
Gebre, Destallem Gebremedhin
Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde
Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn
Gessner, Bradford D
Geta, Birhanu
Gething, Peter W
Ghadimi, Reza
Ghadiri, Keyghobad
Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Gill, Paramjit Singh
Gill, Tiffany K
Golding, Nick
Gomes, Nelson GM
Gona, Philimon N
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
Gorini, Giuseppe
Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia
Graetz, Nicholas
Greaves, Felix
Green, Manfred S
Guo, Yuming
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin
Haj-Mirzaian, Arya
Hall, Brian James
Hamidi, Samer
Haririan, Hamidreza
Haro, Josep Maria
Hasankhani, Milad
Hasanpoor, Edris
Hasanzadeh, Amir
Hassankhani, Hadi
Hassen, Hamid Yimam
Hegazy, Mohamed I
Hendrie, Delia
Heydarpour, Fatemeh
Hird, Thomas R
Hoang, Chi Linh
Hollerich, Gillian
Rad, Enayatollah Homaie
Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Mojtaba
Hossain, Naznin
Hosseini, Mostafa
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Hostiuc, Mihaela
Hostiuc, Sorin
Househ, Mowafa
Hsairi, Mohamed
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan
Iqbal, Usman
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
Islam, Nazrul
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Jürisson, Mikk
Balalami, Nader Jafari
Jalali, Amir
Javidnia, Javad
Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra
Jenabi, Ensiyeh
Ji, John S
Jobanputra, Yash B
Johnson, Kimberly
Jonas, Jost B
Shushtari, Zahra Jorjoran
Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
Kabir, Ali
Kahsay, Amaha
Kalani, Hamed
Kalhor, Rohollah
Karami, Manoochehr
Karki, Surendra
Kasaeian, Amir
Kassebaum, Nicholas J
Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
Kemp, Grant Rodgers
Khabiri, Roghayeh
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Khan, Junaid
Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb
Khang, Young-Ho
Khatab, Khaled
Khater, Amir
Khater, Mona M
Khatony, Alireza
Khazaei, Mohammad
Khazaei, Salman
Khazaei-Pool, Maryam
Khubchandani, Jagdish
Kianipour, Neda
Kim, Yun Jin
Kimokoti, Ruth W
Kinyoki, Damaris K
Kisa, Adnan
Kisa, Sezer
Kolola, Tufa
Kosen, Soewarta
Koul, Parvaiz A
Koyanagi, Ai
Kraemer, Moritz UG
Krishan, Kewal
Krohn, Kris J
Kugbey, Nuworza
Kumar, G Anil
Kumar, Manasi
Kumar, Pushpendra
Kuupiel, Desmond
Lacey, Ben
Lad, Sheetal D
Lami, Faris Hasan
Larsson, Anders O
Lee, Paul H
Leili, Mostafa
Levine, Aubrey J
Li, Shanshan
Lim, Lee-Ling
Listl, Stefan
Longbottom, Joshua
Lopez, Jaifred Christian F
Lorkowski, Stefan
Magdeldin, Sameh
Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy
Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy
Majeed, Azeem
Maleki, Afshin
Malekzadeh, Reza
Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Mamun, Abdullah A
Manafi, Navid
Manda, Ana-Laura
Mansourian, Morteza
Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
Masaka, Anthony
Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard
Maulik, Pallab K
Mayala, Benjamin K
Mazidi, Mohsen
McKee, Martin
Mehrotra, Ravi
Mehta, Kala M
Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael
Mendoza, Walter
Menezes, Ritesh G
Meretoja, Atte
Meretoja, Tuomo J
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Miller, Ted R
Miller-Petrie, Molly K
Mills, Edward Joseph
Milne, George J
Mini, GK
Mir, Seyed Mostafa
Mirjalali, Hamed
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
Mohamadi, Efat
Mohammad, Dara K
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi
Mohammed, Ammas Siraj
Mohammed, Shafiu
Mokdad, Ali H
Molokhia, Mariam
Monasta, Lorenzo
Moodley, Yoshan
Moosazadeh, Mahmood
Moradi, Ghobad
Moradi, Masoud
Moradi, Yousef
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Moradinazar, Mehdi
Moraga, Paula
Morawska, Lidia
Mosapour, Abbas
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam
Mueller, Ulrich Otto
Muluneh, Atalay Goshu
Mustafa, Ghulam
Nabavizadeh, Behnam
Naderi, Mehdi
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Nahvijou, Azin
Najafi, Farid
Nangia, Vinay
Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith
Neamati, Nahid
Negoi, Ionut
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Ngunjiri, Josephine W
Thi Nguyen, Huong Lan
Nguyen, Long Hoang
Nguyen, Son Hoang
Nielsen, Katie R
Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini
Nirayo, Yirga Legesse
Nixon, Molly R
Nnaji, Chukwudi A
Nojomi, Marzieh
Noroozi, Mehdi
Nosratnejad, Shirin
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei
Ofori-Asenso, Richard
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Oladimeji, Kelechi E
Olagunju, Andrew
Olfatifar, Meysam
Olum, Solomon
Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike
Onwujekwe, Obinna E
Oren, Eyal
Ortega-Altamirano, Doris DV
Ortiz, Alberto
Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo
Osei, Frank B
Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E
Otstavnov, Stanislav S
Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo
P. A., Mahesh
Pagheh, Abdol Sattar
Pakhale, Smita
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Pandey, Animika
Park, Eun-Kee
Parsian, Hadi
Pashaei, Tahereh
Patel, Sangram Kishor
Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino
Pereira, Alexandre
Perkins, Samantha
Pickering, Brandon V
Pilgrim, Thomas
Pirestani, Majid
Piroozi, Bakhtiar
Pirsaheb, Meghdad
Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer
Pourjafar, Hadi
Puri, Parul
Qorbani, Mostafa
Quintana, Hedley
Rabiee, Mohammad
Rabiee, Navid
Radfar, Amir
Rafiei, Alireza
Rahim, Fakher
Rahimi, Zohreh
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahimzadeh, Shadi
Rajati, Fatemeh
Raju, Sree Bhushan
Ramezankhani, Azra
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Rasella, Davide
Rashedi, Vahid
Rawal, Lal
Reiner Jr, Robert C
Renzaho, Andre MN
Rezaei, Satar
Rezapour, Aziz
Riahi, Seyed Mohammad
Ribeiro, Ana Isabel
Roever, Leonardo
Roro, Elias Merdassa
Roser, Max
Roshandel, Gholamreza
Roshani, Daem
Rostami, Ali
Rubagotti, Enrico
Rubino, Salvatore
Sabour, Siamak
Sadat, Nafis
Sadeghi, Ehsan
Saeedi, Reza
Safari, Yahya
Safari-Faramani, Roya
Safdarian, Mahdi
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza
Salam, Nasir
Salamati, Payman
Salehi, Farkhonde
Zahabi, Saleh Salehi
Salimi, Yahya
Salimzadeh, Hamideh
Salomon, Joshua A
Sambala, Evanson Zondani
Samy, Abdallah M
Santric Milicevic, Milena M
Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao
Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo
Sartorius, Benn
Sathian, Brijesh
Saxena, Sonia
Sbarra, Alyssa N
Schaeffer, Lauren E
Schwebel, David C
Sepanlou, Sadaf G
Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba
Shaahmadi, Faramarz
Shaikh, Masood Ali
Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran
Shamshirian, Amir
Shamsizadeh, Morteza
Sharafi, Kiomars
Sharif, Mehdi
Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi
Sharifi, Hamid
Sharma, Jayendra
Sharma, Rajesh
Sheikh, Aziz
Shields, Chloe
Shigematsu, Mika
Shiri, Rahman
Shiue, Ivy
Shuval, Kerem
Siddiqi, Tariq J
Silva, João Pedro
Singh, Jasvinder A
Sinha, Dhirendra Narain
Sisay, Malede Mequanent
Sisay, Solomon
Sliwa, Karen
Smith, David L
Somayaji, Ranjani
Soofi, Moslem
Soriano, Joan B
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T
Sudaryanto, Agus
Sufiyan, Mu’awiyyah Babale
Sykes, Bryan L
Sylaja, PN
Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
Tabb, Karen M
Tabuchi, Takahiro
Taveira, Nuno
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani
Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman
Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish
To, Quyen G
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Tran, Bach Xuan
Tran, Khanh Bao
Ullah, Irfan
Usman, Muhammad Shariq
Uthman, Olalekan A
Vahedian-Azimi, Amir
Valdez, Pascual R
van Boven, Job FM
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Vasseghian, Yasser
Veisani, Yousef
Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
Violante, Francesco S
Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch
Vlassov, Vasily
Vos, Theo
Vu, Giang Thu
Vujcic, Isidora S
Waheed, Yasir
Wakefield, Jon
Wang, Haidong
Wang, Yafeng
Wang, Yuan-Pang
Ward, Joseph L
Weintraub, Robert G
Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey
Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay
Westerman, Ronny
Wiysonge, Charles Shey
Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu
Woyczynski, Lauren
Wu, Ai-Min
Xu, Gelin
Yadegar, Abbas
Yamada, Tomohide
Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid
Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo
Yip, Paul
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Lebni, Javad Yoosefi
Younis, Mustafa Z
Yousefifard, Mahmoud
Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A
Yu, Chuanhua
Yusefzadeh, Hasan
Zabeh, Erfan
Moghadam, Telma Zahirian
Bin Zaman, Sojib
Zamani, Mohammad
Zandian, Hamed
Zangeneh, Alireza
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu
Zhang, Yunquan
Ziapour, Arash
Zodpey, Sanjay
Murray, Christopher JL
Hay, Simon I

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017 Journal Articles

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