A review of low-flow, stratified-tank solar water heating systems

Researchers have discovered that by using low collector flow rates (roughly one-seventh of those that have been generally used) and by taking measures to ensure the water in the storage tank remains stratified, the energy delivered by a forced-flow solar system can be increased substantially. In addition, the lower collector flow rates permit substantial savings in system cost, mainly through reduction in plumbing costs. This paper reviews the …