Pesticide and Predation Exposure Effects on Pond Snail Immune System Function and Reproductive Output

Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide that is sprayed agriculturally and for public health threats such as malaria and West Nile virus. It can contaminate surface waters, where it can interact with aquatic organisms. In addition to combating exposure to pesticides, aquatic organisms must defend against biotic stressors, which could intensify effects imparted by chemicals. We investigated effects that exposure to an environmentally relevant …