Identification of the lampricide 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol as an agonist for the rainbow trout estrogen receptor

Abstract Lampricide formulations containing 3 -trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) have been associated with induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity and altered levels of circulating steroids in fish. Bioassay-directed chemical fractionations have shown MFO induction to be associated with impurities in TFM field formulations. A similar toxicity identification/evaluation approach coupled to competitive binding to rainbow …