Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America

The use of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in wildlife conservation is growing rapidly and promises to revolutionize the field of population genetics. However, genomic data should not be interpreted in isolation of other biological and complementary genetic data. Here, we used recently published genome-wide SNP data from Canis species in combination with data from more traditional genetic markers and evidence from non-genetic fields to show how a broader frame of reference is important for interpretation of genomic data. We conducted a principal components analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis of 48K SNP data to show that a three-species model of Canis evolution in North America is not rejected by the data and deserves further investigation with more representative samples from Algonquin Park. We also demonstrate how a holistic perspective provides a more complete picture of evolutionary processes underlying diversification and speciation events in the genus Canis. Overall, we highlight the importance of careful examination and synthesis of all lines of evidence for the implementation of effective conservation policies for endangered species.