Gravity effects on triple flames: Flame structure and flow instability

A fundamental difference between a partially premixed flame and an equivalent premixed (or nonpremixed) flame pertains to the existence of multiple synergistically coupled reaction zones. A “triple flame” is a type of partially premixed flame that contains a fuel-rich premixed reaction zone, a fuel-lean premixed reaction zone, and a nonpremixed reaction zone. The objective of this investigation is to examine gravity effects on the flame …