Postbiotic gut bacteria site-specific immunomodulators improve liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in obese mice with MASLD.

Obesity promotes metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Gut microbiota can influence MASLD through local communication between the gut and liver. Bacterial components are often conceptualized only as contributors to chronic inflammation. However, certain postbiotics can protect against chronic inflammation and dysmetabolism by activating specific immune responses during obesity. Site-specific innate immune training …