The ecological framework is commonly used to investigate factors that contribute to adolescent bullying. However, much of this research has focused on individual characteristics and immediate social settings rather than distal environments, structures, and norms. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of empirical quantitative studies on adolescent bullying involvement that applied the ecological framework to examine the factors measured in these studies (i.e., individual, social, environmental) and the ecological systems reflected by these factors (i.e., microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem). Five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC) were searched from January 2012 to December 2024 and 72 studies met our inclusion criteria (registered on PROSPERO: [CRD42023444096]). There were three times as many cross-sectional studies (n = 54) as longitudinal studies (n = 18). Individual and social factors in the microsystem such as demographics, personality, psychological characteristics, family, school, and peer factors were the most prevalent. The next most prevalent factors reflected the macrosystem, such as regional indicators of economic factors and gender equity. Environmental factors in the meso-, exo-, and chrono-systems were the least prevalent. Bullying perpetration and victimization were most frequently examined followed by defending and bystanding. Findings highlight the need for more research on the full range of ecological systems using longitudinal designs to understand how these systems influence one another and various roles in bullying involvement across adolescent development and to help inform effective bullying prevention efforts.