Journal article
Bacteria export alarmone synthetases that produce (p)ppApp and (p)ppGpp.
Abstract
Guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate [(p)ppGpp] and their adenosine analogs [(p)ppApp] are bacterial second messengers known as alarmones. Members of the RelA-SpoT homolog (RSH) family synthesize (p)ppGpp to mediate the stringent response during nutrient starvation, whereas (p)ppApp synthetases have been identified as bactericidal toxins in diverse contexts including type VI secretion systems, toxin-antitoxin modules, and phages. Although …
Authors
Ahmad S; Guedez AG; Manisa B; Adewale A; Tsang KK; Schiefer V; Bullen NP; Thakar H; Kim Y; Wang B
Journal
mBio, , ,
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Publication Date
November 12, 2025
DOI
10.1128/mbio.02227-25
ISSN
2161-2129